In recent years, the industry development such as aviation, spaceflight, car, shipping, the sources of energy is swift and violent, rise ceaselessly to the requirement of structural material function, the demand that at the same time aviation domain machines to material is higher and higher also, especially the stuff with greater difficulty of a few treatment in aviation material, accordingly, promotional pair of cutting tool material and by treatment material each function and characteristic understanding conduce to material of right choice cutting tool, the treatment that passes pair of difficult treatment data is Baconian the common method that cutting tool material chooses in giving aviation material to machine is very necessary. Aviation material cent is metallic stuff, metalloid material and composite material 3 kinds big. Metallic stuff includes structural steel, stainless steel, be out of shape high temperature alloy, cast material of alloy of high temperature alloy, aluminium alloy, magnesium alloy, titanium, copper alloy, pulverous metallurgy, accurate alloy and functional material to wait. Metalloid material includes cladding of adhesive, plastic, transparent material, insulating material, balata, sealant, coating, plating, antirust material, fuel, lubricant material and spin material to wait. Composite material is to point to by organic high polymer, inorganic metalloid or what a few kinds of different material such as the metal are combined through compound craft and become is new-style material, it can withhold the main distinguishing feature of original constituent material already, make the performance of each constituent mutual through data design again complement and each other correlation and in coordination, acquire the advantageous property that former constituent material cannot be likened to thereby, mix the distinction that has essence simply with average data. Because alloy of aviation domain titanium and composite material application are more, will emphasize under reason undertake introductory to these 2 kinds of material. The cutting tool material with the classification of cutting tool material and its function commonly used cutting basically has exceed strong cutting tool, hard alloy, high-speed steel, pottery and porcelain to wait. Because be when treatment titanium alloy and composite material, exceed strong cutting tool and hard alloy cutting tool to have fair treatment advantage, the article will emphasize the introduction to exceed strong cutting tool and hard alloy cutting tool. 1 exceed strong cutting tool to exceed strong cutting tool commonly usedly to have natural diamond cutting tool, get together brilliant diamond cutting tool, get together nitrogen of brilliant cubic metre changes boracic cutting tool to wait. (1) natural diamond cutting tool. Natural diamond cutting tool is the commonly used cutting tool in exceeding accurate cutting to machine a domain at present, its point is extremely sharp, observation falls in microscope, point is flat, without collapse mouth, surface roughness of treatment workpiece surface is worth extremely low, commonly used the finish machining at copper, aluminium and its alloy material. (2) get together brilliant diamond cutting tool. Commonly used reach its alloy material at cutting nonferrous metal. Practice makes clear, when cutting nonferrous metal, the life of cutting tool is hard alloy cutting tool a few to hundreds of times. Classics spot is used make clear, commutate of turning electric machinery the period of the day from 11 pm to 1 am, blade grinds life to be able to amount to 10 thousand. When cutting tool is machining aluminum-silicon alloy, than life of hard alloy cutting tool at least big two amounts class. (3) cubic nitrogen turns boracic cutting tool. Cubic nitrogen changes boracic cutting tool to be able to be competent hard steel of cutting temper by dipping in water (HRC60) , mould steel, cold hard cast-iron rough machining and semifinishing machining, return at the same time can of above of HRC35 of high speed cutting auger base with etc of material of alloy of nickel radical high temperature, thermal spraying, hard alloy difficult treatment material. Can be reflected higher give the advantage of cutting tool more by the hardness of treatment material, it is to realize one of optimal cutting tool with acting grinding of car, mill. By afore-mentioned introductions knowable, exceed material of strong cutting tool to have very very tall hardness, high stretch standard to very quantity, very good thermal conductivity, lesser density, small heat expands and rupture inferiorly commonly tenacity. And good in the hot stability of chemistry respect CBN, right element of iron a group of things with common features shows laziness, do not suffer dip corrode in acid, diamond issues chemistry stability in normal temperature, in acerbity, alkaline in all do not suffer dip corrode. The metallic compound that hard alloy of cutting tool of 2 hard alloy is tall hardness, difficult frit is pulverous (the) such as WC, TiC, make the pulverous metallurgy product that cohere agent presses base, agglomeration and becomes with the metal such as cobalt or nickel. Its hear resistance is good, ability is as high as 800 ℃ ～ the cutting temperature of 1000 ℃ . The hardness as a result of hard alloy cutting tool is tall, sharp at the same time the gender is caustic of good, wear-resisting, more durable than high-speed steel cutting tool, more high-speed steel cannot be likened to its appearance maintains a gender, additional, service life of hard alloy cutting tool quality of long, treatment good, precision is tall. The cutting of composite material and titanium alloy composite material of 1 cutting composite material is by 2 plant or the polyphase solid material that the material with different property of 2 kinds of above, choose and employ persons is versed in the method is made, it can produce the advantage of onefold composition material adequately, overcome its weakness. For example the composite material that colophony radical, carbon fiber, fibre glass strengthens (namely glass reinforced plastics) wait, have very high intensity, tenacity and wearability, place of onefold composition stuff cannot achieve this. Advanced composite material has light qualitative, high strenth, high standard quantity, fight fatigue, anti-corrosive, can design, shape craft sex is good with cost low characteristic, it is good aviation structure stuff, got applied extensively in aviation domain, already made the material of main body construction of airframe of new generation plane. As a result of the wide application of composite material, accordingly the corresponding cutting tool to processing composite material also raised new requirement, domestic and international scholar also had the research of a lot of this respects. (1) when composite material of cutting of material of different cutting tool wear away. According to the country foreign capital expects place is narrated, linear relation is not completely between the wear rate of the hardness of cutting tool material and cutting tool, is general component: of 2 kinds of circumstances? Department of herd of Piao of of poisonous Fu of barium of extensive qualitative chasm flinchs catch however a small tinkling bell of honest of bamboo-plaited basket or suitcase engraves Piao herd delicacy to protect cutting tool of Zuo CD, CBN, the wear rate of cutting tool and hardness concern into linear, the hardness as cutting tool base material is elevatory, its wear rate drops; Another kind of hardness when cutting tool base material under when enhancing body material, of cutting tool wear away to did not present drab trend with its hardness. Affect to cutting tool tatty to compare cutting tool data, use PCD and YG6 respectively means of two kinds of cutting undertakes cutting tool wears away experiment. Cutting of material of 2 kinds of cutting tool the SiCP/Al composite material of 18% . PCD with YG6 two kinds of cutting tool are in what same condition lays PCD cutting tool to wear away the value is YG6 cutting tool to wear away about the 1/10 of the value, this is cutting tool of hard alloy of YG6 of far outclass of the hardness because of PCD cutting tool, wearability. Carbon fiber composite material wins wide application in spaceflight domain because of its good performance, its component quality is light, higher than stiffness, but the component part precision after shaping often short of requirement. Because carbon fiber composite material belongs to difficult treatment material, easy generation is statified in its treatment process, tear off, burr, pull the blemish such as silk, collapse piece, size control is more difficult, temperature of the cutting tool when treatment is very high, extremely easy generation is calorific jam, bring about surface of matrix of carbon fiber composite material to produce carbonization phenomenon thereby, affect exterior quality. Because this wants to solve the cutting of carbon fiber composite material to machine a problem, should solve problem of cutting tool material above all. A few scholars pass the test that to high-speed steel, hard alloy cutting tool of He Jujing diamond has composite material of cutting carbon fiber, got the relation curve between cutting time and wear extent of point of a knife. Of cutting tool wearing away basically is to be in place of point of a knife to form a window first, next advocate cutting blade and deputy cutting blade wear away in succession, when advocate when cutting blade forms an inverting involute circular arc, show cutting tool wears away badly already, cannot reuse. The domain is machined in carbon fiber composite material, because in recent years grain is refined,high speed rolled steel expects, can increase cutting tool intensity and wearability, still can continue to because grain exceeds,use cutting tool of; hard alloy refine, the knot guides add up to an interface to increase, appeared cutting tool of integral hard alloy group, improved the stiffness of cutting tool and cutting tool life, win wide application consequently. Get together the occurrence of brilliant diamond cutting tool, make surface of carbon fiber composite material machines quality to rise substantially. Can expect, get together to brilliant diamond cutting tool will regard first selection as cutting tool and have larger proportion in treatment of carbon fiber composite material. Change boracic PCBN cutting tool and K with CVD diamond thick film and filmy cutting tool, cubic nitrogen kind turning of cutting tool of hard alloy YM051 colophony of a kind of phenolic aldehyde base the composite material that fibre glass enhances (GFRP, ) of glass reinforced plastics. Nextpage (2) the exterior cutting quality when composite material of cutting of material of different cutting tool. Stand with integral high-speed steel milling cutter and: 3 kinds exceed nitrogen of cubic metre of hard data cutting tool to change PCD of cutting tool of boracic CBN, diamond and film corundum cutting fibre glass composite material undertook Gao Gui oxygen cutting contrast experiments. Fibre glass belongs to tall silicon oxygen special type fibre glass, its high temperature resistant function is first-rate, can use for a long time below 900 ℃ , short time can be able to bear or endure the high temperature of 1200 ℃ , be a kind be able to bear or endure admirably ablation material and heat-insulating material, already purified in national defence, space navigation, black and nonferrous metal fuse-element filter the respect wins application, it is one of high-tech fiber. The cutting of fibre glass composite material machines tall silicon oxygen to be different from the cutting treatment of metallic stuff completely, its thermal conductivity is smaller than metallic stuff much, when cutting is machined medicinal powder hot condition extreme difference, a large number of heat of the generation when cutting are cut not easily bits is taken away, gather around the point of a knife of cutting tool, edge for the most part, make cutting tool wears away quickly, affect cutting quality of the surface. Use integral high-speed steel to establish milling cutter cutting, exterior quality should compare the difference that exceeds hard data cutting tool apparently, this is main as a result of hardness of high-speed steel milling cutter speed of low, wearability difference, feed surface of not tall, treatment pays no attention to efficiency of low, treatment want. As a result of tall silicon oxygen the heat conduction function of fibre glass composite material is differred, the organization is inhomogenous, it is the fabric of fibre glass shape that its middle-level presses cut, should use the cutting tool with sharper point commonly, additionally 3 kinds of cutting surface quality that exceed strong cutting tool are so better, because this exceeds material of strong cutting tool more agree with tall silicon oxygen the cutting of fibre glass material. Exceeding strong cutting tool basically is to show cubic nitrogen turns boracic cutting tool and cutting tool of making synthetic diamond, cubic nitrogen changes boracic cutting tool to be when surface of cutting fibre glass, cutting quality wants to be gotten than using ideal of PCD cutting tool and film corundum cutting tool much, and it is good that the cutting effect of film corundum cutting tool compares PCD cutting tool again. Alloy of 2 cutting titanium is in the aviation component with huge amount, the component that wing of orgnaization, airframe supplies oily system with hydraulic pressure provides engine, landing gear quite characteristic. Among them aviation engine regards aero motivation as core, the main material of its spare parts is titanium alloy and high temperature alloy, will tell commonly, the Leng Duan of aviation engine is titanium alloy spare parts partly, and the part that heat up end basically is spare parts of high temperature alloy. Titanium alloy has weight light, intensity is tall, high temperature resistant wait for good character, multi-purpose wait for a respect at aerospace and artificial joint, but because its machine difficulty efficiency of big, cutting life of low, cutting tool is brief and the application that affected it. Titanium alloy is physico-chemical the mutual influence of mechanical function makes it becomes a kind of difficult cutting to process data. Does the cutting of titanium alloy machine difficult sex to basically be behaved in: ? . ╨) cut bits be out of shape coefficient is small: Because titanium alloy plasticity is small, bits cuts when cutting be out of shape coefficient is small. Titanium alloy cuts bits be out of shape coefficient is 1(cut length about / ) of the length that cut bits, and common carbon steel cuts bits be out of shape about coefficient 3. (2) cutting temperature is high: Because the coefficient of thermal conductivity of titanium alloy is very small (the 1/5 that is iron only, aluminous 1/14) , and cut bits and before the osculatory length of knife face is extremely short, the heat in metal cutting of the generation when cutting comes out not easily, inside the lesser limits that is centered around cutting area and cutting blade, cutting temperature is very high, cause the burn of workpiece, cause what bate of cutting tool material accelerates cutting tool to wear away, this is a when titanium alloy machines marked characteristic. (3) flexibility restores big: Modular quantity is titanium alloy flexibility 107. 8GPa, it is the 1/2 of steel about, below cutting strength effect, the cutting with meeting large generation is out of shape and big flexibility restores. (4) is cold hard, felt, diffuse etc the phenomenon is serious. (does 5) cut bits configuration: ? That Ji Shijiao steals detain administer Lu badger of ⑶ of of ⒌ of difficult vinegar of instrument of of earnest of krypton of disturbance of twin of shaming Nao of of Xi of source of plutonium of Щ of of act of poor example of the larva of a tapeworm or the cercaria of a schistosome of of T of fierce plinth of hydroxide of wooden Xie Jing truly ⑸ exacting one Х from Γ San . In cutting point area, because metal of the layer that cut bits bears very tall press stress and high temperature action to be able to produce plasticity to be out of shape; And in position of the some on face of the knife before be apart from what cutting point is apart from one paragraph, when achieving critical load, blame balance position can is in between cutting tool and cut metal, what produce choppy sex thereby is local cut and arise then dentate cut bits. (6) of cutting tool wear away characteristic: When cutting titanium alloy, because heat in metal cutting measures temperature of much, cutting in Gaojuji at cutting blade around, so crescent moon can develop the damaged that is cutting blade very quickly depression; When cutting alloy steel, as cutting speed rise to be in proper place to be able to produce crescent moon to wear away depression in distance cutting blade. The W in producing reason of this kind of tatty to depend on cutting tool of the hard alloy below high temperature, C diffuses more easily. Accordingly we add man-hour to should note the following problem in titanium alloy: (when 1) machines titanium alloy, unfavorable use the bit that contains titanium element. Because of it meeting and the titanium alloy that are machined happen to be mixed in person action, stick point of a knife. Should use YG as far as possible kind hard alloy cutting tool, because tungsten is cobaltic kind of hard alloy and affinity of titanium alloy chemistry are small, thermal conductivity good, intensity is higher also. (2) because amount of titanium alloy spring back is large, knife face and treatment surface contact an area after big. It is the attrition between face of the knife after decreasing and treatment surface, want the part after increasing. From the point of cutting tool durability, horn is less than after or be more than 15 ° , can reduce the durability of lathe tool. In addition, horn is edge of 15 ° lathe tool after sharper, can drop cutting temperature. Accordingly, the lathe tool of alloy of most cutting titanium uses the part after 15 ° . Because titanium alloy is in cutting process, the oxygen in meeting and air, hydrogen, nitrogen form hard fragile compound, quicken cutting tool to wear away, accordingly titanium alloy cutting should be used lesser before horn; Additional, the plasticity of titanium alloy gold is low, cut bits and before the osculatory area of knife face is small, also should choose to drop cutting temperature lesser before horn. Practice makes clear, the service life that reachs cutting tool is below the premise that makes sure workpiece machines quality, when employing alloy of titanium of turning of hard alloy cutting tool, of cutting tool before horn takes 5 ° left and right sides normally. (appropriate of 3) cutting speed is low, lest cutting temperature is exorbitant. High cutting rate makes acutely of cutting cutting tool wears away, and make titanium alloy is had from all round the ability that oxygen and hydrogen absorb in atmosphere, generation is alleged " constituent α is changed " , make machine exterior aggrandizement; Feed should moderate, burn a knife easily greatly too, too small cutting in machining sclerotic layer because of edge and had worn away fast; Cutting deepness but bigger, make point of a knife is under sclerotic layer cutting, be helpful for raising cutting tool durability. Be in normally when choosing cutting speed and feed, it is advisable to be controlled in order to maintain cutting temperature in 800 ℃ , become namely 135mm/r of feed F=111 ～ , take 60m/min of ～ of cutting speed V=40. (the beard when 4) is machined adds cooling fluid to cool adequately. (the penetration of a cutting tool when alloy of 5) cutting titanium fights force bigger, machining complex needs friend assure to have enough stiffness. Because titanium alloy is easy,be out of shape, so cutting clamping force cannot big, it is especially when working procedure of certain precision work, can use certain auxiliary bearing when necessary. (6) because titanium alloy coefficient of thermal conductivity low, plasticity tendency of sclerosis of low, treatment is advanced and characteristic, reason is in treatment temperature of cutting muscularity, cutting is high, bring about cutting tool easy wear away, life bring down, should choose rigid so the cutting tool stuff with good, expensive wearability. Cutting machines the cutting tool material with titanium commonly used alloy to be as follows: Horniness adds up to cutting tool, high-speed steel cutting tool, exceed strong cutting tool to wait. A lot of scholars had begun to use diamond and cubic nitrogen to change the research of alloy of titanium of cutting of high speed of boracic cutting tool. Get together in abroad brilliant diamond cutting tool has been used to alloy of titanium of high speed treatment, when cutting speed 180 ～ when 220m/min, feed speed 0.
05m/min, cutting deepness 0.
When 5mm, cutting effect is better. Foreign scholar had PCD cutting tool, CBN cutting tool and KC850 cutting tool the dry cutting of titanium alloy experiments. The last word develops as the high speed of science and technology, of material update ceaselessly, the cutting mechanism that we need pair of new-style aviation data, cutting tool wears away the state has further research, also need to undertake optimizing ceaselessly to cutting process with forecast. The development that exceeds strong cutting tool and hard alloy cutting tool at the same time also makes its are gotten in the treatment of aviation spare parts occupy very large dominant position inside the country, they are sure to rise to urge action actively for the development of manufacturing industry. CNC Milling
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